An adaptive intervention is an intervention design that guides the adaptation of treatments. Adaptation refers to the use of dynamic information about a person to decide whether and how to intervene. Adaptation is intended to address the unique and changing needs of individuals over time. In contrast with other types of adaptive interventions, standard adaptive interventions are typically motivated to address conditions that unfold relatively slowly. Thus, the adaptation takes place at a few decision points spaced weeks or months apart. Standard adaptive interventions typically guide the adaptation of human-delivered components.

A Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention (JITAI) is a digital intervention delivery framework that guides how rapidly changing information about the person’s state and context should be used in practice to decide whether and how to intervene in real-time, in everyday life. JITAIs typically guide the adaptation of digital components on relatively fast timescales, typically every few days, hours or minutes.

A Multimodal Adaptive Intervention (MADIs) is an intervention design that guides the provision of a combination of services that are sequenced and adapted by different modalities (e.g., human delivered, digital) on different time scales.

A Multilevel Adaptive Implementation Strategy (MAISY) offers a replicable, approach to precision implementation that guides implementers in how best to adapt and re-adapt implementation strategies based on the changing context and changing needs at multiple levels.

A Personalizing Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention (P-JITAI) employs reinforcement learning algorithms to continually modify the adaptation (i.e., the decision rules) in a JITAI as the participant experiences the intervention in the real world. P-JITAIs respond to societal changes and evolving population-based needs, as well as to each individual’s evolving needs.